Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD)

Introduction

The prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) are made up of core material, usually of plastic that is wrapped with the spun-bond non-woven geotextiles as an outer layer and acts as a filter fabric. The geotextile filters the soil from entering the water channels and flooding the drain. Geotextiles are permeable fabrics that, when used in association with soil, have the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain. They have molded channels that accelerate the soil consolidation process and help to siphon the trapped water in the soft soil strata and bring it to the surface. The duration taken for consolidation of the cohesive soil (sticky soil) depends on the quality of the geotextile, surcharge weight, soft or sand layer of soil and the design and strategic placement (a gap between the drains) of the wicks.

PVD Technology

The prefabricated vertical drain was invented in the mid-1930s by Walter Kjelhnan at the Swedish Geotechnical Institute. The first drain consisted of two cardboard sheets glued together, with internal channels. The modern PVD consisting of geotextile filter-wrapped plastic with extruded channels was developed in 1971, also at the Swedish Geotechnical Institute. The plastic vertical drain allowed for faster installation and increased flow rate volume over the early cardboard style.

Applications

The prefabricated vertical drain was invented in the mid-1930s by Walter Kjelhnan at the Swedish Geotechnical Institute. The first drain consisted of two cardboard sheets glued together, with internal channels. The modern PVD consisting of geotextile filter-wrapped plastic with extruded channels was developed in 1971, also at the Swedish Geotechnical Institute. The plastic vertical drain allowed for faster installation and increased flow rate volume over the early cardboard style.

Sites:

  • Roadway embankments
  • Airports and seaports
  • Bridge approaches and overpasses
  • Storage tanks
  • Dams and levees
  • Commercial and residential buildings

Railway embankments

Mining wastes and tailings

PVD Test Scope:

SL Test Method Standard Test Property Keyword Details
1.
Mass per linear meter
Mass
Mass
2.
Width
Width
Width
3.
Determination of thickness at 2kpa specified pressures.
BS EN ISO-9863-1:2005
Thickness
Thickness
4.
Grab breaking load and Elongation
ASTM D 4632
Breaking load
Grab strength and Grab Elongation
5.
Trapezoidal tear strength test
ASTM D4533
Tensile tear strength
Trapezoidal tear Tensile tear strength, Elongationtest
6.
Determination of water permeability or permittivity test
ASTM D4491
Flow rate per unit area
Permeability, Permittivity, Flow rate
7.
UV Spectroscopy test
According to Freitag Method
Determine the composition of PP & PS in a sample
PP and PS
8.
Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile
ASTM D4751
Apparent Opening size O95
Opening size, O95
9.
Tensile properties of geotextiles by the wide-width strip
ASTM D4595-09
Tensile strength
Tensile strength, Elongation
10.
Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance
ASTM D4833-07
Compressive force
Maximum Force, Displacement
11.
Test Method for Hydraulic Bursting Strength
ASTM D3786-01
Compressive force
Maximum Force, Displacement
12.
Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity (Discharge Capacity)
ASTM D4716-08
Flow rate at specified pressure
Hydraulic Transmissivity (Discharge Capacity)